A Study of Water Quality of Sargodha City
Abstract
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of Sargodha city water supply system. Water samples from four different sources (1 tubewell and 3 surface water sources) and eight house connections (2 from each source respectively) were collected making a total of twelve sampling points. Two set of samples, one before monsoon and one after monsoon were collected from each sampling point. A total of six parameters (four physiochemical; turbidity, pH ,hardness ,total dissolved solids and two bacteriological; total coliforms and faecal coliforms)were tested for each sample and compared with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. The results of the study demonstrated that physical and chemical quality of all sources, except the New Satellite Town, was satisfactory. However, bacteriologically, all the source samples, except the tubewell source showed contamination before and after the monsoon. In the distribution system, physiochemical characteristics of all samples, except the New Satellite Town house connections, were satisfactory. Bacteriologically, all the samples from house connections were contaminated before and after the monsoon. It was concluded that inadequate treatment and no disinfection were responsible for bacteriological contamination at surface water sources. Possible causes of contamination at house connections were no disinfection, poor, old and leaking water lines along with inadequate and poorly maintained sewerage and drainage system. It was recommended that proper water treatment especially effective chlorination with residual chlorine be rendered at all sources in order to achieve safe water quality up to the consumer’s end.References
Golaszewski, J., and Szwabowski, J. 2004. Influence of superplasticizers on rheological behaviour of fresh cement mortars. Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, 34(2), 235–248.
Felekoglu, B., and Sarıkahya H. 2008. Effect of chemical structure of polycarboxylate-based uperplasticizers on workability retention of self- compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 22(9), 1972–1980.
Sahmaran, M., Christianto, H.A., and Yaman, I.O. 2006.: The effect of chemical admixtures and mineral additives on the properties of self- compacting mortars. Cement and Concrete Composites, 28(5), 432–40.
Hameed, A., H. 2012. Effect of superplasticizer dosage on workability of self-compact concrete. Diyala journal of Engineering Sciences, 5(2), 66-81.
Rixom, R., and Mailvaganam, N., 2000. Chemical Admixtures for concrete. E & F Spon books, 464.
Sidney, M. Levy. 2011. Construction Calculations Manual. Elsevier, Technology and Engineering Books, 225.
Jerath, S., and Yamane, L.C. 1987. Mechanical properties and workability of superplasticized concrete. Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, 9(1), 12-19.
Tattersall, G., H., and Bloomer, S., J. 1979. Further development of the two point test for workability and extension of its range. Magazine of concrete research, 31(2), 202-210.
Guennewig, T. 1988. Cost-Effective Use of Superplasticizers Concrete International, 10(3), 31-34.
Hanna, E., Luke, K., Perraton, D, and Aitcin, P., C. 1989. Rheological Behavior of Portland cement in the Presence of a Super Plasticizer. Special publication, American Concrete Institute, 119, 171-188.
Masahiro, O., Makoto, H., and Okamura, H. 2007. Effect of Superplasticizer on Self- Compactability of Fresh Concrete. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1574, 37-40.
Flatt, R.J., and Houst F.Y. 2001. A simplified view on chemical effects perturbing the action of superplasticizers Cement and Concrete Research, 31(8) 1169–1176.
Ravina. D., and Mor, A. 1986. Effects Of Superplasticizers. Concrete International, 8(7) 53-55.
Hsu, K.C., Chiu, J., and Tseng, Y.C. 1999. Effect of addition time of a superplasticizer on cement adsorption and on concrete workability, Cement & Concrete Composites, 21, 425-430.
Khatib, J.M., and Mangat, P., S. 1999. Influence of superplasticizer and curing on porosity and pore structure of cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 21(5), 431–437.
Ramachandran, V.S. 1995. Concrete Admixtures Handbook: Properties, Science & Technolgy. ed. 2.
Erdogdu, S. 2005. Effect of retempering with superplasticizer admixtures on slump loss and compressive strength of concrete subjected to prolonged mixing. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(5), 907–912.
Yamada, K., and Hanehara, S. 2001. Interaction mechanism of cement and superplasticizers - The roles of polymer adsorption and ionic conditions of aqueous phase. Concrete Science and Engineering, 3(11), 135-145.
Colak, A. 2005. Properties of plain and latex modified Portland cement pastes and concretes with and without superplasticizer. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(8), 1510-1521.
Reese, J., Lenz, P., Zilch, K., and Plank, J. 2013. Influence of type of superplasticizer and cement composition on the adhesive bonding between aged and fresh concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 48, 717-724.
Price, W.F. 1992. Durability of concrete in hot climates: benefits from permeable formwork concrete in hot climates. Proceedings Of The Third International Conference Held By Rilem, 207-220
Klieger, P. 1958. Effect of mixing and curing temperature of concrete strength. Research Department Bulletin RX103, Portland Cement Association.
Shoukrya, S.N., Williamb, G.W., Downiea, B., and Riad, M.Y. 2011. Effect of moisture and temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 688–696.
Mirza, W.H., Al-Noury, S.I., and Al-Bedawi,W.H. 1991. Temperature effect on strength of mortars and concrete containing blended cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 13(3), 197–202.
STP169. 1956. Significance of Tests and Properties of concrete and concrete aggregates. American Society of Testing and Materials, Committee-9.
ACI 318-02 2002. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. American Concrete Institut,. Committee-318.
ACI 301-M99 1999. Specifications for Structural Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Committee-301.
Aghabaglou, A.M., Tuyan, M., Yılmaz, G., Arıöz, O., and Ramyar K. 2013. Effect of different types of superplasticizer on fresh, rheological and strength properties of self- consolidating concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1020-1025.
